The quantitative turn refers to the increasing trend of universities prioritizing quantitative methods in the social sciences. This trend includes but is not limited to, universities: prioritizing funding and staffing predominantly quantitative social sciences disciplines such as economics over predominantly qualitative social science disciplines such as philosophy and anthropology; within social science disciplines (e.g. economics, politics), prioritizing hiring academics that specialize in quantitative methods; prioritizing teaching quantitative over qualitative methods to students; and prioritizing funding quantitative research over qualitative research.

Monopolization refers to a company having complete control within an industry, which prevents other people or companies having any share or influence. Public utilities are meant to supply goods and services that are considered essential. Some examples of public utilities include: water, gas, electricity, telephone, and waste disposal.

The Belt and Road Initiative refers to China’s global infrastructure project that consists of various development and investment initiatives, in hopes of increasing regional integration, international trade, and stimulating economic growth. As of current, the project has expanded across Africa, Oceania, and Latin America.